TNF and Alzheimer disease: Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of SPE in vivo using a Dermatophagoides farinae (house dust mite) extract (DFE)-induced AD mouse model and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated skin cells, namely, human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs).