VEGFA and neoplasm: Specifically, the activation of alternative angiogenic pathways—such as those involving angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) [78,79], hepatocyte growth factor (HGF/c-Met) [80,81], and interleukin-8 (IL-8) [82,83]—has been shown to restore neovascularization and tumor perfusion independently of VEGF/FGF signaling.