TNF and diabetes mellitus: In particular, the infiltrating macrophages (CD11b+F4/80int) were notably elevated (fold-change (FC) = 4.6, p < 0.01) in the livers of diabetes mice, along with a higher expression of interferon-ɣ (IFN-ɣ) (FC = 2, p < 0.01), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (FC = 2.5, p < 0.05), and interleukin (IL)-1β (FC = 2, p < 0.01) [25] (Table 1).