TNF and prediabetes syndrome: In people with prediabetes, the concentration of cytokines that can activate T cells in the peripheral blood was increased, like TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β, compared to those with normoglycemia [23], potentially enhancing T cell activation, increasing the number of effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and reducing the percentage of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the liver [31].