ESR1 and neoplasm: To evaluate the anti-tumor effects of I. latifolia, L. robustum, and rapamycin, we selected four representative breast cancer cell lines: HCC1806 and MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative breast cancer, characterized by high invasiveness and metastatic potential), MCF-7 (estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, representing hormone-dependent tumors), and SK-BR-3 (HER2-overexpressing breast cancer).