Having a strong correlation with TAM activation, GBM-associated polymorphonuclear leukocytes/granulocytes (GBM-hPMNL) in which the levels of pro-angiogenic cytokines and factors such as CXC motif chemokine ligand 2 (CXCL2), TEK, CD163, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) are increased have been identified [92]. Here, HIF1A is linked to glioblastoma.