This analysis delineated two distinct panels: (1) an oncogenic panel of 149 genes, upregulated by nicotine and overexpressed in tumors, including SERPINE1, MMP13, INHBA, and SPARC (Figure 4b), which may drive nicotine-induced carcinogenesis; (2) a tumor-suppressive panel of 19 genes, downregulated by nicotine and underexpressed in tumors, such as ATP6V0A4, where reduced expression may impair tumor-suppressive activity due to nicotine exposure (Figure 4c). Here, INHBA is linked to neoplasm.