CTLA4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Table 2 summarizes the ICI response rates, PFS, OS, and DCR for the leading cancer types across the globe, such as NSCLC, HCC, melanoma, and TNBC. ICIs have demonstrated substantial efficacy in managing advanced metastatic and highly immunogenic tumors, such as melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma. Various cancer treatments utilizing immune checkpoint blockade are currently under investigation in clinical trials, including CTLA-4 inhibitors and anti-PD-1 antibodies, which have shown enhanced antitumor activity [25,26].