MMP9 and breast cancer: Study on patients presenting with hematuria demonstrated that blood and urine biomarkers for assessing BC risk exhibit sex-specific differences and developed distinct biomarker algorithms for males (u_NSE, s_PAI-1/tPA, u_midkine, u_NGAL, u_MMP-9/TIMP-1, and s_prolactin) and females (IL-12p70, IL-13, midkine, and clusterin), which showed high sensitivity and specificity, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.795 for males and 0.865 for females [255].