Since AR activation is weaker in females due to (normally) substantially lower circulating androgen levels and a much smaller population of AR in metabolic target tissues, TES and other androgens are less important in the maintenance of energy homeostasis in females under normal conditions; however, the elevated levels of androgens that occur with PCOS, CAH, or other pathological conditions are sufficient to result in metabolic dysfunction. The gene discussed is AR; the disease is congenital adrenal hyperplasia.