Elevated cytokine levels have frequently been observed in the blood and cerebral spinal fluid of schizophrenia patients, including alterations in the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and the chemokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and schizophrenia.