Likewise, capillary leak syndrome with hemoconcentration induced by increased permeability is one major manifestation of HFRS that is closely related to the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (Terajima and Ennis, 2011; Yu et al., 2014), meanwhile, this molecule can cooperate with LFA-1 which is further responsible for the migration of lymphocytes from the blood vessels and peripheral tissues into the lymph node coupled with the interaction between the TM and LFA-1 mentioned above (Guo et al., 2023). Here, ICAM1 is linked to capillary leak syndrome.