CD274 and neoplasm: Of note, supplementation of microbe-derived butyrate substantially suppresses PD-L1 and IL-10 expression as well as tumor growth in mouse xenografts, concomitant with down-regulation of immunosuppressive pathways (e.g., NF-κB and STAT3) and pro-tumorigenic factors (e.g., VEGF and GDF-15) [66].