TROAP and hepatocellular carcinoma: KIF4A, a kinesin family member, is essential for FOXM1-mediated proliferation of HCC cells, with its depletion linked to suppressed Akt kinase activity and induction of endogenous apoptotic signaling pathways (Hu G. et al., 2019).TROAP is critical for maintaining centriole integrity and spindle assembly during mitosis; its aberrant elevation enhances cyclin D1’s stability and nuclear localization through the DYRK1/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway, accelerating cell cycle progression and promoting malignant proliferation of HCC cells (Hu H. et al., 2019; Li L. et al., 2021).