In addition to neurotransmitter pathways target to reduce the complexity of Down syndrome, study also reported that by altering the expression of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) (involved in neurodevelopment) at the level of RNA, it is proposed that antisense oligonucleotides could provide a highly specific and effective treatment option addressing the intellectual disability and cognitive issues for those with Down syndrome, which further improve their overall quality of life (Murphy et al., 2024). Here, DYRK1A is linked to Intellectual disability.