DYRK1A and Down syndrome: In addition to neurotransmitter pathways target to reduce the complexity of Down syndrome, study also reported that by altering the expression of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) (involved in neurodevelopment) at the level of RNA, it is proposed that antisense oligonucleotides could provide a highly specific and effective treatment option addressing the intellectual disability and cognitive issues for those with Down syndrome, which further improve their overall quality of life (Murphy et al., 2024).