However, children with Down syndrome exhibit a significant drop in serum level of all examined cytokines, with clear distinctions between male and female children (Tarani et al., 2020) while this study also examined how neurotrophins and immune system pathways are disrupted in prepubertal children with Down syndrome (Tarani et al., 2020), while young adults with Down syndrome exhibit increased numbers of rod-like microglia (Flores-Aguilar et al., 2020). Here, BDNF is linked to Down syndrome.