Conversely, the lack of a7nAChR in KCs exacerbates NASH-related inflammatory reactions and abnormal lipid metabolism, as evidenced by markedly heightened levels of TNF-a, IL-12, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in the liver (Nishio et al., 2017). Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.