TGFB1 and Arrhythmia: In CCC, TGF-β has increased expression and has been correlated to a poor prognosis (Araújo-Jorge et al., 2002; Ferreira et al., 2019), such as cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, ventricular dilation, increased risk of HF, and sudden death (Rassi et al., 2010).