Leptin was involved in the expression of HTRS induced by both maternal hypertension and post-weaning HFD feeding in male offspring, but not in females (Xue et al., 2021; Xue et al., 2022a), while antihypertensive components of the RAS, such as angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and AT2R, play a protective role in antagonizing the expression of the HTRS in females (Xue et al., 2014; Xue et al., 2021; Xue and Johnson, 2023). This evidence concerns the gene LEP and hypertensive disorder.