VEGFA and neoplasm: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promotes tumor cell proliferation, suppresses immune cell activity, and stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, enhancing tumor angiogenesis, nutrient, and oxygen supply, thereby supporting tumor growth and metastasis (Gong Z. et al., 2022; Terzuoli et al., 2016).