Abnormal paracrine or autocrine signaling by cytokines such as transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β), interleukins, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), and interferons (IFNs) modulates cell proliferation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, cancer stemness, immune response, and response to therapy (Fig. 1) [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.