Oxidative stress is also one of the pathogenic mechanisms of COPD, and DAG1 has the potential to serve as a target for therapy.[60] G-CSF, a glycoprotein growth factor, is currently the most crucial drug in the clinical treatment of neutropenia.[61] The primary inflammatory cells in the lungs of many COPD patients are neutrophils and serum G-CSF correlates with sputum IL-1β levels. This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.