Current research on CCL23 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells has confirmed that low levels of Th2 cell activity lead to decreased expression of CCL23, resulting in impaired cell lytic function of Th1 cells.[39] The study conducted by Goetzl et al[40] demonstrates that the decreased levels of IL-5 are also a result of reduced Th2 cell immune responses. Here, CCL23 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.