Preliminary results from the phase IIa portion of the ongoing GDFATHER study showed that combining the anti-GDF15 antibody visugromab with the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab resulted in an OR rate of 16.7% across patients with advanced NSCLC, urothelial carcinoma, or hepatocellular carcinoma who had relapsed on or were refractory to immune checkpoint inhibitors (20, 33, 34). This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.