GA reflects changes in blood glucose concentration over aperiodof 2–3 weeks due to its lifespan of 21 days and is not affectedby hematologic disorders.35 In additionto GA, other glycated proteins have potential as biomarkers for diabetes.Proteins such as alpha-2-macroglobulin, beta-2-glycoprotein 1, apolipoproteinA1, coagulation factor XIII A chain, and complement C4-A undergo aglycation reaction and have been found in the blood plasma of DM patients.36,37. The gene discussed is C4A; the disease is diabetes mellitus.