Before their introduction, treatment options included surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapies (BRAF and MEK inhibitors), and immunotherapies such as interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha.18,19 These treatments had limited efficacy and significant side effects.20 Several pivotal trials have since demonstrated the superiority of PD-1 inhibitors compared to traditional therapies for melanoma. The gene discussed is IL2; the disease is melanoma.