In conclusion, this systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that GDF-15 isassociated with increased risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death,AKI, and spontaneous MI in patients undergoing cardiovascular interventions.Given the heterogeneity observed across the studies, particularly with respect tothe diverse surgical techniques employed, it is imperative that the finding beinterpreted with caution. This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and acute kidney injury.