GCG and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Widespread drug therapy has been approved for the treatment of T2DM, with mechanisms mainly including reducing liver glucose production, stimulating insulin release, increasimg pancreatic function and sensitivity to insulin, delaying intestinal absorption of glucose, and regulation of insulin or glucagon secretion (Chen et al., 2023; Al-kuraishy et al., 2023; Al Jobori et al., 2017; Gilbert and Pratley, 2020; Lehmann and Hornby, 2016; Lim et al., 2023).