TGFB1 and Kaposi's sarcoma: KS is a highly angiogenic endothelial cell tumor, and KSHV-induced angiogenesis plays a crucial role in KS development.539 KSHV primarily promotes angiogenesis by upregulating HIF, VEGF, and their receptors, thereby activating angiogenesis-related pathways.540 KSHV encoded LANA,541 vIRF3,524,542 vIL-6,535,543, and vGPCR increase angiogenic factors,544 including VEGF, PDGF, TGF-α, TGF-β, ANGPT-2, and ANGPTL-4, in an mTOR-dependent manner.