TNF and neoplasm: EBV integration downregulates the expression of inflammation-related genes, such as TNFAIP3, PARK2, and CDK15, activating the TNF-α-induced apoptosis and NF-κB pathway, which is closely associated with NPC development.499 The EBV-encoded transcriptional activator ZTA upregulates inflammatory cytokines GM-CSF, IL-8, and GRO-α, which suppresses monocyte chemotaxis and induces tumor-associated macrophage phenotypes.500 Additionally, EBV activates the ATR and Rad-3-related pathway, promoting PPAR-δ and inhibiting c-Jun and p-JNK expression.