These biospecimens included (1) tissue samples consisting of five breast cancer (BrCa) and seven colorectal cancer (CRC) matched pairs of tumour and adjacent noncancerous tissues and (2) lysates collected from human cell lines that included three BrCa cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SKBR3, MCF7) and two CRC cell lines (HT29 and SW480) that were challenged with IFN‐γ or vehicle control (phosphate buffered saline, PBS) for 48 h (Fig. 1a). Here, IFNG is linked to neoplasm.