For instance, inserting genes encoding immunostimulatory cytokines (e.g., GM‐CSF, IL‐12) [178, 180, 181] can augment antigen presentation and T‐cell priming, while transgenes that express checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti‐PD‐1 or anti‐CTLA‐4 scFv) or co‐stimulatory ligands (e.g., CD40L) further amplify local immune responses against tumour cells [177]. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.