For instance, inserting genes encoding immunostimulatory cytokines (e.g., GM‐CSF, IL‐12) [178, 180, 181] can augment antigen presentation and T‐cell priming, while transgenes that express checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti‐PD‐1 or anti‐CTLA‐4 scFv) or co‐stimulatory ligands (e.g., CD40L) further amplify local immune responses against tumour cells [177]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.