AIF1 and Alzheimer disease: Using ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) as a pan-microglial marker, we observed significantly increased microgliosis in AKK_AD animals, but not Aβ plaque burden or astrogliosis (GFAP staining) (Fig. 1H–K), suggesting the limited impact of Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation during early phase of AD development.