Patients with CKD and diabetes had significantly elevated plasma concentrations of NfL (44.8 [36.4–58.6] vs. 32.4 [20.1–43.1] ng/L, p < 0.001) and p-Tau231 (31.7 [24.0–46.6] vs. 23.4 [18.6–32.5] ng/L, p = 0.018), but not of GFAP (207 [151–315] vs. 187 [130–257] ng/L, p = 0.10), compared with patients without diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene GFAP and diabetes mellitus.