Most evidence thus far originated from postmortem studies, including older individuals, suggesting little to no mediation of the effect of APOE ε4 on late-life cognition by markers of vascular disease on brain autopsy.7,15,16 The measures of vascular disease in these studies included atherosclerosis, lacunar infarcts, microinfarcts, macroinfarcts, and hemorrhages. The gene discussed is APOE; the disease is atherosclerosis.