TNFR1 upregulation in alveolar macrophages and active cellular communication was observed, along with scATAC-seq data showing increased accessibility of Bcl3, IL1b, Fos, and Csf1 loci, aligning with scRNA-seq findings of increased expression in COPD model mice compared to control mice(Fig 4e). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.