AFP and neoplasm: Serum tumor markers – alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human choriogonadotropin (HCG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), inhibin, and estradiol – can be unreliable as they are not frequently expressed by some OGCT histologies (such as dysgerminomas and teratomas) and can be abnormal in several non-malignant conditions such as inflammatory processes, substance use, and liver disease [7,8].