For AFR ancestry, significant associations included NCR3 (natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3, OR = 0.29, p = 2.34e-7) and NPAS3 (neuronal PAS domain protein 3, OR = 0.34, p = 3.34e-6), both protective against HAM development (Table S3). Here, NPAS3 is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.