Conversely, macrophage-derived exosomes can inhibit PF progression by delivering the anti-fibrotic miR-142-3p to AEC and lung fibroblasts, thereby suppressing transforming growth factor-beta receptor 1 (TGFβ-R1) (Guiot et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TGFBR1; the disease is pemphigus foliaceus.