GCG and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Currently, T2DM drugs mainly include sulfonylureas, biguanides, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists, α-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, and SGLT2 inhibitors (Padhi, Nayak & Behera, 2020; Sairam et al., 2024).