CHKA and neoplasm: CKI mainly contains matrine, oxymatrine, and sophoridine, which have significant anti-tumor activity, regulate tumor microenvironment, and downregulate tumor-associated inflammation (Guo et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2016; Cao and He, 2020; Chen et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2023).