TP53 and neoplasm: As the most known gene associated with cancer discovered in the year 1979, p53, a tumour suppressor, has been found to fulfil crucial functions in controlling cell proliferation, senescence, DNA repair and cell death through both non-transcriptional and transcriptional activities to modulate specific gene expression in response to stimuli (Mao and Jiang, 2023; Lane and Levine, 2010; Lim et al., 2023).