TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Early tumorigenesis, N1-polarized neutrophils capture and kill hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by releasing NETs and directly targeting tumor cells through mediators such as ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), thereby exhibiting anti-tumor activity (Ohms et al., 2020; Siwicki and Pittet, 2021).