In support of autoimmune pathogenesis, individuals with both SAPHO syndrome and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis exhibit elevated TNF-α levels in the bloodstream (17), suggesting that excessive TNF-α could disrupt neutrophil behavior, inciting a feedback loop that intensifies the inflammatory response through the activation of keratinocytes (18). Here, TNF is linked to chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis.