A recent study found that AB has therapeutic effects on cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and reducing the expression of proliferation genes like c-myc, TNF-α, NF-κB, VEGF, TGF-β1, and IGF1R, which are known for their potential effects on angiogenesis, proliferation, metastasis, and invasion42,43. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.