We also observed that the absence of CD38 protected mice from high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.19 Besides, CD38 might serve as a potential marker of M1 macrophages due to its regulation of macrophage functions such as proliferation, aggregation, and polarization.20 However, the role of CD38 in HIRI has not been explored. This evidence concerns the gene CD38 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.