CD38 and liver disorder: First, although our data indicated that CD38 deletion in bone marrow-derived macrophages played a crucial protective role in hepatic IR, macrophages possess different activation phases due to plasticity and context-dependence and modification of tissue microenvironment.15 Macrophages may have different roles in various liver diseases or at different stages of the same disease, making clinical application complicated.41 The roles and mechanisms of macrophage polarization in liver diseases should be further investigated in the future.