CSNK1A1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: For example, the upregulation of casein kinase 1 (CK1) in ALS, FTLD-TDP, and Alzheimer’s disease suggests that enhanced kinase activity may drive the increased phosphorylation of aggregating protein substrates including TDP-43, tau, and α-synuclein [20, 24, 142–144].