TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Notably, TTBK1 levels are elevated and TTBK1 co-localizes with phosphorylated TDP-43 in ALS and FTLD-TDP post-mortem tissue, and also in a cytoplasmic TDP-43 mouse model [15, 22, 25, 143, 193], and TTBK2 was also elevated in the FTLD-TDP brain [22].