NCAM1 and psychiatric disorder: NCAM1 is involved in neural cell adhesion and synaptic plasticity, processes critical for cognitive and emotional regulation (Conboy, Bisaz, Markram, & Sandi, 2010), while DCC encodes a receptor involved in nervous system development and has been linked to psychiatric disorders (Friligkou et al., 2024) and cognitive performance (Williams, Labouret, Wolfram, Peyre, & Ramus, 2023).