OCN binds to GPR158, activating the IP3R and retinoblastoma-associated protein 48 (RbAp48) pathways to upregulate BDNF expression, enhance BDNF-enriched vesicle transport, and increase action potential frequency and LTP in the MF pathway, thereby improving cognitive deficits in aged mice (Khrimian et al., 2017; Kosmidis et al., 2018). Here, BDNF is linked to Cognitive impairment.