, and compound formulations (e.g., Tongluo Digui Decoction), regulate autophagy in DKD through pathways such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mTOR, sirtuins (Sirt), and the phosphatidylinositol three kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and diabetic kidney disease.