Previous studies have shown that malnutrition, Cystatin C, internal carotid artery occlusion, and brain atrophy can be used to assess the END of stroke patients (Bao et al., 2022; Kim et al., 2017; Boulenoir et al., 2021; Tschirret et al., 2018). The gene discussed is CST3; the disease is malnutrition.