TNF and metabolic disease: Oxidative stress triggers the expression of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase, leading to inflammatory responses (Chung et al. 2006), which in turn contribute to aging and the occurrence of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia (Inoue et al. 2018).