GPC3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: After successful cultivation of PDO, histological analysis of paraffin-embedded sections was performed to explore whether the HCC PDOs preserved the histological features of the original tumors; the results showed that PDOs resembled those of the corresponding tumors and the expression of glypican 3 (GPC3), a well-established surface biomarker of HCC, exhibited the same expression pattern in the PDOs and original tumors (Fig. 5A-B).